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Medical Abbreviations in Urology

0–9

• 5-YSR: 5-year survival rate
• 5-ALA: 5-aminolevulinic acid

A

• A.: Arteria
• Aa.: Arteriae (plural)
• Fig.: Figure
• AAST: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma
• ACC: acetylcysteine, mucolytic
• ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio
• ACT: antichymotrypsin
• ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
• ADAM: androgen decline of the aging male
• ADH: antidiuretic hormone
• ADP: adenosine diphosphate
• ADPKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
• AER: albumin excretion rate, albumin excretion in 24-hour urine collection
• AGS: adrenogenital syndrome
• AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
• AFP: alpha-fetoprotein
• Ab: antibody
• AKIN: Acute Kidney Injury Network
• ALA: aminolevulinic acid
• AMH: Anti-Müllerian Hormone, synonymous with Müllerian-inhibiting hormone
• ANF: atrial natriuretic factor
• ARF: acute renal failure
• AP: alkaline phosphatase
• APC: activated protein C
• API: Analytical Profile Index, commercially available system for identifying bacteria using biochemical tests
• APRT: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, deficiency leads to genetically determined nephrolithiasis
• ARCD: acquired renal cystic disease
• ARPKD: autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
• Array-CGH: Array-comparative genomic hybridization, cytogenetic technique for comparative high-resolution examination of the chromosome to detect microdeletions
• AA: amino acid
• ASA: anti-sperm antibodies
• ASAP: atypical small acinar proliferation, atypical microglandular proliferation of prostate glands
• ASS: acetylsalicylic acid
• ASTRO: American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
• AT III: antithrombin III
• ATP: adenosine triphosphate
• AV: arteriovenous
• AZF: azoospermia factor on Y chromosome, mutations lead to azoospermia

B

• BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
• BE: base excess
• BG: blood glucose
• BGA: blood gas analysis
• BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia
• BPS: benign prostatic syndrome
• BOO: bladder outlet obstruction
• BOOI: bladder outlet obstruction index
• BSA: body surface area
• BTA: bladder tumor antigen, urine marker for urothelial carcinoma
• BXO: balanitis xerotica obliterans

C

• C1–5: Cervical vertebrae 1–5
• ca: calcium
• CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• CAIS: complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization)
• CAVH: continuous arterio-venous hemofiltration
• CBAVD: congenital bilateral aplasia of the vasa deferentes
• CBC: complete blood count
• CBI: continious bladder irrigation
• CC-EMG: corpus cavernosum electromyography
• CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, gene for a chloride channel. Mutations lead to CBAVD and cystic fibrosis
• CDC: Center of Disease Control, USA
• CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen
• CEUS: contrast-enhanced ultrasound
• cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate
• Ch, Charr. or CH: Charriere, unit for the diameter of medical instruments (synonym French). The diameter in mm is multiplied by 3
.
• ChE: cholinesterase
• CI: contraindication(s)
• CIC: clean intermittent catherisation
• CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
• CIS: carcinoma in situ
• CKD: chronic kidney disease
• CLED agar: Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient agar, commonly used agar for urine culture
• cm: centimeter
• CM: contrast medium
• CMV: cytomegalovirus
• CNI: chronic renal insufficiency
• CNS: central nervous system
• CNV: chronic renal failure
• COMT: catecholamine-O-methyltransferase, for the degradation of catecholamines
• COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• COX: cyclooxygenase, important enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis
• CPPS: chronic pelvic pain syndrome
• CPSI: chronic prostatitis symptome index
• cPSA: complexed (protein-bound) prostate-specific antigen
• CR: complete response
• CRL: Crown-rump length (of an embryo)
• CRP: C-reactive protein
• CRPC: castration-resistant prostate cancer
• CSF: colony stimulating factor
• CT: computed tomography
• CTCAE: Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events
• CVA: cerebrovascular accident
• CVC: central venous catheter
• CVVH: continuous veno-venous hemofiltration
• CVVHDF: continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration
• CW: continuous wave, measurement method in Doppler sonography
• CUG: cystourethrography

D

• d: days
• DAG: diacylglycerol
• dceMRI: dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI
• DD: differential diagnosis
• DFA: direct fluorescent antibody
• DGU: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Urologie: German Society of Urology
• DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone
• DHT: dihydrotestosterone
• DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation
• DJ: double-J ureteral stent
• dl: deciliter
• DLPP: detrusor leak point pressure
• DMSA: Di-Mercaptosuccinic acid, for static renal scintigraphy
• DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide
• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
• DO₂: oxygen transport capacity
• DOAC: directly acting oral anticoagulants
• DRE: digital rectal examination
• DSA: digital subtraction angiography
• DSD: detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
• DSD: disorders of sex development
• DVIU: direct-vision internal urethrotomy
• DWI: diffusion weighted imaging, MRI examination sequence

E

• E.: Escherichia, bacterium genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae
• EBM: evidence based medicine
• EBRT: external beam radiation therapy
• ECF: extracellular fluid
• ED: erectile dysfunction
• EDV: enddiastolic velocity
• e.g.: for example
• EGCT: extragonadal germ cell tumor
• EGCCCG: European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group
• EGF(R): endothelial growth factor (receptor)
• EIA: enzyme immunoassay
• ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
• EMG: electromyography
• EORTC: European Organisation for Research on Treatment of Cancer
• EPO: erythropoietin
• EQUC: expanded quantitative urine culture
• ESBL: extended spectrum beta-lactamases, resistance mechanism to cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae
• ESRD: end-stage renal disease
• ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
• ESWT: extracorporeal shock wave therapy
• EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, https://www.eucast.org
• EUG: extrauterine pregnancy
• ext.: externa, externus
• ECM: extracellular matrix

F

• FAI: free androgen index
• FFP: fresh frozen plasma
• FGF: fibroblast growth factor
• FiO2: inspiratory oxygen concentration
• FISH: fluorescence in situ hybridization, molecular biology technique for detecting specific DNA or RNA
• fPSA: free prostate-specific antigen
• Fr: French, unit for the diameter of medical instruments (synonym Charriere). The diameter in mm is multiplied by 3
• FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
• FTA-Abs: fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test, detection method for syphilis

G

• g: gram
• g: acceleration due to gravity
• G-CSF: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
• GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid
• GCT: germ cell tumor
• GFP: fresh frozen plasma
• GFR: glomerular filtration rate
• GI: gastrointestinal
• GIA: gastrointestinal anastomosis, often used for staple suture devices
• GMP: guanosine monophosphate
• GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone, synonymous with LHRH
• GOT: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
• GPT: glutamate pyruvate transaminase
• γ-GT: γ-glutamyltransferase
• GU: gonorrheal urethritis
• Gy: Gray, physical unit for absorbed dose of ionizing radiation

H

• h: hour
• ¹H-MRS: proton MR spectroscopy, examination sequence in MRI
• HAL: hexaminolevulinate, for fluorescence cystoscopy
• Hb: hemoglobin
• HbA_1C: glycohemoglobin, marker for long-term glycemic control in diabetes mellitus
• HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin
• HDR: high-dose rate (brachytherapy)
• HER: Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
• HIFU: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
• HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
• HLA: human leukocyte antigen
• HLRCC: hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome
• hK1–3: human kallikrein 1–3
• Hct: hematocrit
• HMG: human menopausal gonadotropin, gonadotropins derived from the urine of menopausal women with FSH activity
• hMSH2: human mutS homolog-2, from the human mismatch repair (MMR) gene family
• HoLEP: holmium laser enucleation of the prostate
• HPRCC: hereditary papillary renal cell cancer
• HPV: human papillomavirus
• HRE: hormone response elements, short DNA segment that serves as a binding site for nuclear hormone receptors.
• HRPC: hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma, obsolete name for castration-resistant prostate carcinoma
• HSV: herpes simplex virus
• HU: Hounsfield units, the X-ray density of voxels is represented in gray values in CT using Hounsfield units
• Hz: Hertz, physical unit of frequency

I

• i.m.: intramuscular
• i.v.: intravenous
• IGCCCG: International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group, known for classifying metastatic testicular tumors into prognostic groups
• IC: interstitial cystitis
• IC: ileal conduit
• ICI: intracavernosal injection
• ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection
• ICP: infected cell proteins, are expressed by HSV
• ICS: International Continence Society
• IE: International Unity
• IIEF: International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire
• IELT: intravaginal ejaculatory latency time
• Ig: immunoglobulin
• IGF: insulin-like growth factor
• IL: interleukin
• IMRT: Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy
• inf.: inferior
• INR: international normalized ratio, standardized prothrombin time
• INSL3: insulin-like factor 3
• int.: interna, internus
• IP$_3$: insositol triphosphate
• IRSG: Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group
• IR: immediate-release, unretarded galenics of a drug
• IUI: intrauterine insemination
• IUSTI: International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections
• IVF: in vitro fertilization
• IVP: intravenous pyelography
• IU: internal urethrotomy

K

• K: potassium
• CFU: colony-forming units
• kcal: kilocalories
• KCl: potassium chloride
• KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, Guidelines on Renal Insufficiency
• kg: kilogram
• KGF: keratinocyte growth factor
• kgbw: per kilogram of body weight
• CHD: coronary heart disease
• KHL: keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a potent marine immunoactivator
• KI-67: proliferation marker for histological assessment, synonymous with MIB-1
• KTP: potassium titanyl phosphate laser
• KUB: Kidney ureter and bladder, abdominal x-ray in anteroposterior projection

L

• l: liter
• L1–5: Lumbar vertebrae 1–5
• LASER: light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
• LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, intracellular enzyme of glycolysis
• LDR: Low Dose Rate (Brachytherapy)
• LH: luteinizing hormone
• LHRH: luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, synonymous with GnRH
• Lig.: ligament, ligament
• Ligg.: Ligamenta, ligament
• LY: life years
• LN: lymph nodes
• LOH: late-onset hypogonadism
• LPN: laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
• LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms

M

• m: meter
• M.: Musculus
• Mm.: Musculi
• m:f: ratio of males to females
• M0 or M1: TMN classification, absence or presence of distant metastases
• MAG3: mercaptoacetyltriglycine, for dynamic renal scintigraphy
• MAGPI: meatal advancement and glanuloplasty, hypospadias surgery
• MAINZ pouch: mixed augmentation ileum and cecum pouch
• MAIS: mild androgen insensitivity syndrome
• MAO: monoaminooxidase, for the breakdown of catecholamines
• MAP: magnesium ammonium phosphate
• MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase
• MASCC: Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer
• MAR test: mixed-antiglobulin-reaction test, detection of spermatozoa antibody
• MCU: micturating cystourethrography
• MDR: multidrug resistance protein, transmembrane protein that traffics hydrophobic substances out of the cell. Multiple subtypes
• MEN: multiple endocrine neoplasia
• MW: molecular weight
• MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration
• MLPA: multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, molecular genetic screening test
• Mo: months
• MRC: Medical Research Council, research organization of the United Kingdom
• MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone
• mg: milligram
• Mg: magnesium
• MIB-1: proliferation marker for histological assessment, synonymous with KI-67
• MIBG: metaiodobenzylguanidine, scintigraphy with iodine labeled MIBG can localize pheochromocytoma
• MIH: Müllerian-inhibiting hormone, synonymous with Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
• min: minute
• MJ: mono-J ureteral stent
• ml: milliliter
• MLPA: multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, molecular genetic assay method
• mm: millimeter
• ms: millisecond
• mpMRI: multiparameter MRI
.
• MS: Multiple Sclerosis
• MSKCC: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, USA
.
• mol: mole, the amount of substance
• mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid
• MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
• MESA: microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration
• mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, a key molecule in intracellular signal transduction of cell growth, angiogenesis, energy balance, and apoptosis
• MUSE: medicated urethral system for erection
• MVAC: chemotherapy combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin (=doxorubicin), and cisplatin
• μm: micrometer

N

• n: number of people in a statistic sample
• N.: Nervus
• NGS: gext generation sequencing
• Nn.: Nervi
• nm: nanometer
• N0 or N1: TMN classification, absence or presence of lymph node metases
• Na: natrium=sodium
• NaCl: natrium chloride
• NB: neobladder
• NHBD: non heart-beating donors, organ donation after cardiac death
• NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance
• Nd:YAG: neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser
• NE: nephrectomy
• Nx: nephrectomy
• NGU: non-gonorrheal urethritis
• NIDDK: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (USA)
• NIH: National Institute of Health (USA)
• NIH-CPSI: National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symtome Index
• NMP22: nuclear matrix proteim 22, urinary marker for bladder carcinoma
• NNT: number needed to treat
• NO: nitric oxide, neurotransmitter
• NOAC: new oral anticoagulants
• NOTES: Natural Orifices Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery
• NPHP: nephronophthisis protein, type 1 is nephocystin
• NPT: nocturnal penile tumescence measurement
• NPV: negative predictive value, proportion of true negative test results out of all negative test results
.
• NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• NTABU: non-transecting anastomotic bulbar urethroplasty
• NSGCT: nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
• NUE: Nephroureterectomy
• NWTSG: National Wilms Tumor Study Group

O

• OAB: overactive bladder
• OAT: Oligo-Astheno-Teratozoospermia
• OCAS: Oral Controlled Absorption System
• OP: operation
• OPG: osteoprotegerin
• OIU: optical internal urethrotomy
• OR: overall response, sum of partial response and complete response
• OR: odds ratio, statistical quantity about the association of two characteristics (proportion of disease A with or without characteristic B
• OS: overall survival

P

• P: pressure, physical unit
• p21, p27: proteins of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) family
• p53: tumor suppressor gene
• p.i.: post infusionem
• p.o.: per os
• PADAM: partial androgen deficit in the aging male
• PAE: prostatic artery embolization
• PAIS: partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
• PARP: Poly-ADP-Ribose-Polymerase, participates in DNA-cell repair
• Pat.: Patient
• PB: prostate biopsy
• PC, PCA, PCa: prostate cancer
• PCA: patient controlled analgesia
• PCA3: prostate cancer antigen 3, urine marker for prostate cancer detection
• PCNL: percutaneous nephrolithotomy
• PCN: percutaneous nephrostomy
• PCR: polymerase chain reaction
• PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1, receptor for PD-L1 and mediates an inhibitory effect on the immune response
• PD-L1: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, surface protein with inhibitory effect on immune response
• PDA: peridural anesthesia
• PDD: photodynamic diagnostics, fluorescence cystoscopy for better detection of bladder carcinoma
• PDE: phosphodiesterases
• PDGF(R): platelet derived growth factor (receptor)
• PDS: polydioxanone (monofilament suture)
• PEB: cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin chemotherapy combination
• PEG: polyethylene glycol, for colonic irrigation
• PEI: Cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide chemotherapy combination
• PeIN: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia
• PET: positron emission tomography
• PFS: progression free survival
• PG: prostaglandin
• PGE₁: prostaglandin E1
• pH: pH is a measure of the acidic or basic character of an aqueous solution
• PI₃: phosphoinositol 3
• PID: pelvic inflammatory disease
• PIN: prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
• PI-RADS: Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System, reporting system for mpMRI of the prostate
• PKHD1: Polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1, gene mutations occur in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
• PLA: pelvic lymphadenectomy
• PN: pyelonephritis, partial nephrectomy
• PNL: percutaneous nephrolithotomy
• POMC: Pro-Opiomelanocortin
• PPS: pentosan polysulfate
• PPV: positive predictive value, proportion of true positive test results out of all positive test results
• PR: partial response
• PRP: platelet-rich plasma
• Proc.: Processus
• PSA: prostate-specific antigen
• PSAD: PSA-densitiy, PSA concentration in relation to prostate volume
• PSAV: PSA velocity, rate of increase in PSA concentration per year
• PSADT: PSA doubling time
• PSMA: Prostate-specific membrane antigen
• PSV: peak systolic velocity
• PTA: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
• PTESE: percutaneous testicular spermatozoa extraction
• PTH: parathyroid hormone
• PTR: pressure transmission ratio in stress urethra pressure profile
• PTT: partial thromboplastin time
• PUNLMP: papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
• PVC: polyvinylchloride
• PVP: photovaporization of the prostate
• PW: pulsed wave
• PZ: peripheral zone

Q

• Q_max: maximal urinary flow rate in ml/s
• QoL: Quality of Life
• qSOFA: quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment score

R

• r: radius
• R0: Tumor resection microscopically complete
• R1: tumor resection microscopically not complete
• R2: tumor resection macroscopically not complete
• RAAS: renin angiotensin aldosteron system
• Raf: protein kinase, activates MAPK
• RALP: Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy
• RANK: Receptor Activator of NF-$\kappa$B, protein on the surface of osteoclasts with important role in bone metabolism
• RANKL: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family protein and ligand to RANK
• RAQ: reno-aortic quotient
• RARP: robot-assisted radical prostatectomy
• Ras: protooncogene (cytosolic G protein), central link of various signal transduction pathways in regulating growth and differentiation
• RAS: renal artery stenosis
• RBF: renal blood flow
• RCC: renal cell carcinoma
• RCT: randomized clinical trial
• RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
• REM: rapid eye movement, sleep phase with high motor activity and dreaming
• RF: risk factor
• RI: resistance index
• RIRS: Retrograde intrarenal surgery, abbreviation for modern stone therapy with retrograde (flexible) URS
• RKI: Robert-Koch-Institut
• RLA: retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy
• RNA: ribonucleic acid
• RPD: renal pelvis dilatation
• RPE: radical prostatectomy
• RPG: retrograde Pyelographie
• RPLND: retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
• RPM: revolutions per minute
• RPP: radical perineal prostatectomy
• RR: 1. arterial blood pressure 2. relative risk (statistics)
• RRP: radical retropubic prostatectomy
• RT: radiation therapy
• RT-PCR: reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction. Amplification and specific detection of RNA
• RTA: renal tubular acidosis
• RTOG: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group
• RUG: retrograde urethrography
• RUP: retrograde ureteropyelography

S

• s: second
• S1–5: Sacral vertebrae 1–5
• s.c.: subcutaneous
• SCC: squamous cell carcinoma
• SCOS: Sertoli cell-only syndrome
• SD: 1. standard deviation 2. stable disease
• SHBG: sex hormone binding globulin
• SIOP: Société Internationale d'oncologie pédiatrique
• SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome
• SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus
• SLOH: symptomatic late-onset hypogonadism
• SOFA: Sepsis-related organ failure assessment score
• SPA: sperm penetration assay
• SPC: suprapubic catheter
• SPT: suprapubic tube
• SR: sustained-release
• SSRI: selektive serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• STD: sexually transmitted disease, refers to a recognizable disease state that has developed from an STI
• STI: sexually transmitted infection, refers to a pathogen that causes infection through sexual contact
• sup.: superior
• supp.: suppository
• Sv: Sievert, physical unit for equivalent dose
• syn.: synonym
• SYR: Sex determining region of Y gene

T

• T1–T4: TNM classification: size of primary tumor
• T3, T4: triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine
• TART: testicular adrenal rest tumors, in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• TEE: transesophageal echocardiography
• TENS: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
• TERT: tubular ectasia of the rete testis
• TESE: testicular spermatozoa extraction
• TGF: transforming growth factor
• Th1–12: thoracic vertebrae 1–12
• ThuLEP: Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate
• TIN: testicular intraepithelial neoplasia
• TIP: tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in hypospadias
• TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor
• TMSC: total mobile sperm count
• TNF: tumor necrosis factor
• TOT: transobturator tape
• TPE: total parenteral nutrition
• TPHA: Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test
• tPSA: total prostate-specific antigen, free and protein-bound PSA
• TRALI: transfusion-related acute lung injury
• TRUS: transrectal ultrasound
• TSC: tuberous sclerosis genes, TSC1 codes for hamartin, TSC2 for tuberin
• TSH: thyroxine-stimulating hormone
• TTS: transdermal therapy systems (e.g. pain patches)
• TUEP: transurethral evaporation of the prostate
• TUIP: transurethral incision of the prostate
• TULIP: transurethral Ultrasound-Guided Laser-Induced Prostatectomy
• TUMT: transurethral microwave therapy of the prostate
• TUNA: transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
• TUR: transurethral resection
• TURB: transurethral resection of the bladder
• TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate
• TVP: transvesical prostatectomy
• TVT: tension free vaginal tape
• TZ: transition zone

U

• UBC: Urinary bladder cancer antigen
• UCN: ureterocystoneostomy
• UDR: Ureteral diameter ratio, prognosis factor of vesicoureteral reflux
• UICC: Union International Contre Cancer
• UPEC: uropathogenic E. coli
• UPJ: ureteropelvic junction
• URS: ureterorenoscopy
• US: ultrasound
• UTUC: upper tract urothelial carcinoma
• UV: ultraviolet

V

• V.: Vena, vein
• V: Volume
• Vv.: Venae, veins
• VEGF(R): vascular endothelial growth factor (receptor)
• VDRL: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, lipid-specific AB as a marker of lues activity
• VGF: vascular growth factor
• VHL: von Hippel-Lindau disease or gene
• VIN: vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
• VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide
• VLAP: visual laser ablation of the prostate
• VLPP: Valsalva leak point pressure
• VMAT: volumetric modulated arc therapy, modern form of radiation therapy
• vs.: versus
• VTP: vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy
• VUR: vesicoureteral reflux
• VURD syndrome: (posterior urethral) valve, unilateral (vesicoureteral) reflux (and renal) dysplasia
• VVF: vesicovaginal fistula

W, X, Y, Z

• W: Watts
• WHO: World Health Organization
• WT: Wilms tumor suppressor gene, subtypes WT-1 and WT-2
• WW: watchful waiting
• XP: xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

References