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Testicular Diseases

Anatomy of the Testes

• Anatomy of the Testes: Gross appearance, vascular supply, innvervation, spermatic cord.
• Anatomy of the Testes: Histology, Spermatogenesis.
• Anatomy of the Testes: Male Hormones (Testosteron, LH, FSH, Inhibin).

Congenital Diseases

• Cryptorchidism:
  • Cryptorchidism: Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis
  • Cryptorchidism: Hormonal Treatment and Surgery for undescended testis
• Monorchidism and polyorchidism
• Penoscrotal transposition and bifid scrotum
• Disorders of sexual development
  • Gonadal dysgenesis
  • Ovotesticular DSD
  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
  • Mild (MAIS), partial (PAIS) and complete (CAIS) androgen insensitivity syndromes
  • 5alpha-reductase deficiency
  • Vanishing testis syndrome (bilateteral anorchia)
  • Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • 46,XX male syndrome

Trauma

• Testicular trauma

Infections

• Epididymitis
• Mumps orchitis
• Fournier gangrene

Benign Diseases of the Testes

• Testicular torsion
• Torsion of testicular appendage
• Varicocele
  • Varicocele: Classification, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms
  • Varicocele: Treatment (Surgery)
• Hydroceles of the Testis, communicating hydroceles, abdominoscrotal hydroceles and hydroceles of the cord.
• Spermatocele
• Male hypogonadism
• Late-onset hypogonadism (testosterone deficiency)
• Male infertility

Benign Tumors of the Testes

• Testicular cyst
• Tubular ectasia of the rete testis (TERT)
• Cystic testicular dysplasia
• Testicular microlithiasis
• Epidermoid cyst
• Stromal tumors of the testis:
  • Leydig-cell tumor
  • Sertoli-cell Tumor
  • Testicular adrenal rest tumor

Malignant Tumors of the Testes

• Germ cell tumors
  • Etiology, pathology and TNM tumor stages of germ cell tumors
  • Treatment of seminoma
  • Treatment of Nonseminoma
• Extragonadal germ cell tumors
• Testicular lymphoma
• Gonadoblastoma

Mesenchymal Tumors of the Spermatic Cord and Testis

• Benign tumors:
  • Adenomatoid tumor: benign mesothelial proliferation, usually at the lower pole of the epididymis. Most common tumor of the epididymis. Encapsulated grayish-yellowish nodule.
  • Mesothelioma
  • Epididymal cystadenoma: common with Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
  • Fibroma, angioma, neurofibroma, and leiomyoma.
• Malignant tumors:
  • Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma: usually originating from the spermatic cord.
  • Malignant mesothelioma originating from the tunica vaginalis

Rare Scrotal Malignancies

• Rete testis carcinoma is a rare and highly malignant adenocarcinoma.
• Carcinoid of the testis: The primary carcinoid of the testis originates from enterochromaffin cells of the testis or carcinoid differentiation of a mature teratoma. The prognosis is excellent after radical orchiectomy. Carcinoid tumor metastasized to the testis has a poor prognosis.
• Testicular metastases originate from malignancies of the prostate, lung, gastrointestinal tract, melanoma or kidney.
• Squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum: soot is considered an assured risk factor (chimney sweep cancer); under improved working conditions, the tumor has become uncommon. Squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum is the first reported occupational cancer (by Percival Pott in 1775).

Surgical Procedures of the Testis

• Inguinal orchidopexy
• Scrotal orchiectomy
• Radical (inguinal) orchiectomy
• Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy
• Hydrocelectomy
• Spermatocelectomy
• Vasectomy

  Deutsche Version: Krankheiten der Hoden